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1. How did economic and political changes that accelerated in the 1820s and 1830s transform the way Americans thought about themselves and their society? The two ideas of individualism and communalism came to be both opposite ideas like the little d and little r ideas they reflected the opposite views the parties had. 2. How and why did transcendentalists promote social reform? They wanted to capture the passionate character of the human spirit and sought deeper insights into the mysteries of existence. 3. Describe the communal settlements and the objectives of their participants. They wanted to create utopias or ideal communities for whatever religious endeavor they believed in 4. How and why did the public and private roles of women change between 1820 and 1860? Women became more involved in the abolitionist movement which caused them to in turn become more involved in their own positions at home and in public. They wanted more property rights and even the right to vote. 5. How and why did abolitionism become the dominant American reform movement? What was the impact of antislavery activists on American society and politics? Religious groups became very involved in the abolitionist cause. It was possibly the biggest issue between the north and south and the religion driven north wanted freedom. It became such a big issue because it drove an even bigger wedge between the north and the south. It pushed the two regions into the Civil War.
 * Chapter Instructional Objectives**

I. Individualism A. Emerson and Transcendentalism 1. Emerson was the leading spokesman of Transcendentalism 2. Transcendentalism: An intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. 3. Basically they rejected the Enlightenment and sought deeper insights into the mysteries of existence 4. Emerson saw people as being trapped in inherited customs and institutions 5. Emerson's genius lay in his capacity to translate such abstract ideas into examples that made sense to ordinary middle-class Americans. 6. American Lyceum: Undertook to "promote the general diffusion of knowledge." The group organized lecture tours by all sorts of speakers- poets, preachers, scientists, reformers. 7. Emerson celebrated individuals who rejected traditional social restraints but were self-disciplined and responsible members of society. 8. Emerson's philosophical outlook was by endowing individuals with the ability- and the responsibility- to determine their spiritual fate. B. Emerson’s Literary Influence 1. Emerson took as one of his tasks the remaking of American literature 2. In an address entitled "The American Scholar" the philosopher issued a literary declaration of independence from Old Europe 3. Henry David Thoreau was a writer who believed Emerson's view and turned to the environment for inspiration 4. Thoreau published Walden or Life in the Woods an account of his spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life 5. Margaret Fuller was a writer who explored the possibilities of freedom for women 6. Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century which proclaimed that a "new era" was coming in the relations between men and women 7. Another writer who responded to Emerson's call was the poet Walt Whitman 8. Emerson's writing also influenced two great novelists, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, who had more pessimistic outlooks. 9. American readers emphatically preferred the more modest examples of individualism offered by Emerson- personal improvement through spiritual awareness and self-discipline C. Brook Farm 1. Utopias: Created by transcendentalists to be ideal communities 2. They hoped that these planned societies, which organized life in new ways, would allow members to realize their spiritual and moral potential 3. The most important communal experiment of the transcendentalists was Brook Farm, founded in 1841 4. Brook Farm may have offered intellectual bliss, but it failed to prosper economically 5. The passion of the transcendentalists for individual freedom and social progress lived on in the movement to abolish slavery, which many of them actively supported. II. Communalism A. The Shakers 1. The Shakers were the first successful American communal movement 2. Ann Lee Stanley had a vision that she was an incarnation of Christ and that Adam and Eve had been banished from the Garden of Eden because of their sexual lust 3. After Mother Ann's death the Shakers decided to withdraw from the evils of the world into strictly run communities of believers 4. The Shakers believed that Gad was "a dual person, male and female," and that Mother Ann represented God's female element 5. Beginning in 1787 Shakers founded twenty communities, mostly in New England, New York, and Ohio. 6. By the end of the nineteenth century most Shaker communities had virtually disappeared, leaving as their material legacy a distinctive and much-imitated furniture style B. The Fourierist Phalanxes 1. The rise of the American Fourierist movement in the 1840s was one cause of the Shaker's decline 2. Phalanxes: The members of a phalanx would be its shareholders; they would own all its property in common, including stores and a bank as well as a school and a library 3. Fourier and Brisbane saw the phalanx as a practical, more human alternative to a society based on private property and capitalist values, and one that would liberate women as well as men 4. Despite its failure to establish viable communities, the Fourierist movement underscored the social dislocation and the difficulty of establishing a utopian community in the absence of charismatic leaders or a religious vision C. John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Community 1. The radical minister John Humphrey Noyes was both charismatic and deeply religious 2. Noyes became the leader of perfectionism. 3. Perfectionism: An evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and that people could therefore aspire to perfection in their earthly lives 4. Complex Marriage: All the members of his community were married to one another 5. Complex marriage was a complex doctrine designed to attain various social goals 6. In the 1830s Noyes established a community in his hometown of Putney, Vermont 7. These alternative communities were important because they questioned traditional customs and repudiated the class divisions and sexual norms 8. These societies stood as countercultural blueprints for a more egalitarian social order D. The Mormon Experience 1. Mormonism emerged from the religious ferment among families of Puritan descent who lived along the Erie Canal 2. The founder of the Mormon Church was Joseph Smith 3. In 1830 he published The Book of Mormon claiming he had translated it from ancient hieroglyphics on gold plates shown to him by an angel named Moroni 4. Smith proceeded to organize the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5. Smith's goal was a Church directed society that would inspire moral perfection 6. Smith and his growing congregation eventually settled in Nauvoo, Illinois 7. By the early 1840s Nauvoo had become the largest utopian community in the U.S. 8. Smith received a new revelation that justified polygamy- the practice of a man having more than one wife at one time 9. Now led by Brigham Young a large contingent of Mormons sought religious freedom by leaving the United States 10. Young led a phased migration of more than 10,000 people into modern day Utah 11. A blend of economic innovation, social conservatism, and hierarchical leadership created a wealthy church with a strong missionary impulse III. Abolitionism A. Slave Rebellion 1. African American leaders in the North had encouraged free blacks to "elevate" themselves 2. They hoped that a majority of free blacks by educating themselves could rise to a position of equality with the white citizenry 3. Freedom's Journal the first African American newspaper published in New York 4. However the abolitionist were in danger because there were many pro-slavery mobs 5. In response to these attacks David Walker published a pamphlet entitled An Appeal… to the Colored Citizens of the World 6. In 1830 Walker and other African Americans called a national convention in Philadelphia and made collective equality for all black their fundamental demand 7. Nat Turner, a slave In Southampton County, Virginia, staged a bloody revolt 8. Turner's Rebellion caused the Virginia legislature to debate a bill for the gradual emancipation and colonization of slaves but it was rejected 9. Southern planters became even stricter on their slaves as a result of the rebellion B. Garrison and Evangelical Abolitionism 1. People who belonged to evangelical churches launched a moral crusade to abolish slavery 2. The most uncompromising leader of the abolitionist movement was William Lloyd Garrison 3. Garrison founded his own antislavery weekly, The Liberator 4. The next year he spearheaded the formation of the New England Anti-Slavery Society 5. Theodore Dwight Weld who joined Garrison as a leading abolitionist came to the movement from the religious revivals of the 1830s 6. Weld and Garrison formed the American Anti-Slavery Society 7. Abolitionist leaders developed a three-pronged plan of attack: appeal to public opinion, assist the slaves who fled, and seek support among state and nation legislators 8. Thousands of deeply religious people were drawn to abolitionism 9. Many leading transcendentalists were abolitionists including Emerson C. Opposition and Internal Conflict 1. The abolitionist crusade only won a small minority of white Americans 2. Whites almost universally opposed the prospect of "amalgamation" racial mixing and intermarriage 3. Northern opponents of abolitionism turned to violence 4. Racial solidarity was strong in the South, where whites reacted to abolitionism with fury 5. Abolitionists were also divided among themselves 6. Garrison's opponents founded a new organization, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 7. James G. Birney became the president 8. However, Birney won few votes in the election of 1840, and the future of the Liberty Party and political abolitionism appeared dim IV. The Women’s Rights Movement A. Origins of the Women’s Movement 1. Many middle-class women joined the Second Great Awakening 2. For most middle-class women a greater influence within the household was enough 3. However some women used their newfound religious authority to increase their public activities 4. Women also turned their energies to the reform of social institutions 5. Both as reformers and as teachers, northern women played a major role in education 6. Women vigorously supported the movement led by Horace Mann to increase the number of pubic elementary school and improve their quality 7. By the 1850s most teachers were women because women could be paid less than men B. Abolitionism and Women 1. Women were inspired to assume an active role in the movement to end slavery 2. Influenced by abolitionist ideas and their own experience discrimination a few women challenged the subordinate status of their sex 3. The Grimkes and other female abolitionists were asserting that traditional gender roles amounted to the "domestic slavery" of women 4. Thousands of northern women had become firm advocates of grater rights not only for enslaved African American women but also for themselves C. The Program of Seneca Falls 1. The commitment to full civil equality for women emerged during the 1840s 2. They tried to strengthen the legal rights of married women, especially with respect to property 3. To advance the women's movement Elizabeth Cady Santon and Lucretia Mott organized a gathering in Seneca Falls in 1848 4. At the gathering the Declaration of Sentiments was written 5. Most men dismissed the Seneca Falls Declaration as nonsense, and many women repudiated the activists and their message 6. The various movements of reform raised legal and political issues that threatened the unity of the nation
 * Chapter 12 Annotated Outline**

1. Why do you think transcendentalism arose first in New England? Because it was based on the people who founded the region and they were Puritans and they wanted religious freedom and transcendentalism was all about being spiritually enlightened. 2. Why was the antislavery movement supported so strongly by many leading transcendentalists? It was believed religiously and morally wrong to have slaves and transcendentalists were very religious 3. Why were utopian communities so attractive to Americans in the first half of the nineteenth century? They were supposed to be ideal communities and work for the common good. 4. Why do you think so many utopian groups experimented with the relationship between the sexes? The women’s movement was just getting started around this time and some groups believed women should have more rights and other did not. 5. What made some utopian communities more successful than others? They had charismatic leaders and a religious direction that appealed to others. 6. Why were Mormon communities in Utah so successful? They were out of the U.S. which allowed them to thrive and make their own laws and rules. 7. What differences did the women’s movement make in women’s lives? It gave them more power domestically and it also allowed them to have a purpose something to make them feel like they had more power. 8. Why were plans for colonization and gradual emancipation more popular among whites than immediate abolition? It was gradual and it gave them more time to have slaves and also they probably could’ve fought this cause more easily in the government if it didn’t all happen at once. 9. Why were white women attracted to abolitionism? They compared black slavery to domestic slavery and they felt they had somewhat similar experiences with the slaves. 10. Do you think southerners believed that slavery was truly beneficial to African Americans, or did they justify slavery hypocritically in order to advance their own political and economic situation? I don’t think they thought it was necessarily beneficial but I do think they thought slavery was all slaves could do and accomplish because of the way southerners were raised to believe. 11. Why do you think the antislavery movement split into so many factions in the 1830s and 1840s? All groups had different ways of ending slavery some wanted to use violence others wanted to do it peacefully and through the government.
 * Questions To Consider **

The rise of popular politics during the 1820's took off during the rise of democracy (who assaulted traditional political authority) and the decline of notables which took place through the common man voting eachother into office. Jackson got rid of the national bank, crated indian removal, and signified the first elected president after the notables. The whig party believed the same things as the former whigs, they opposed the arbitrary actions of british monarchs, and believed in votes among evangelical protestants, and loved entrepreneurs, and self made men. The 1820's and 1830's shaped american culture by decreasing the notables, raising the common man, decreased the emphasis on the bank, as well as continued the hatred of indians.
 * Chapter 11 Instructional Objectives**
 * 1) Analyze and explain the rise of popular politics during the 1820s.
 * 1) What was the significance of Andrew Jackson’s presidency?
 * 1) What were the origins and ideology of the Whig Party?
 * 1) How did the events of the 1820s and 1830s shape American culture?

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820–1829  A. The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties  B. The Election of 1824  1.aristocratic federalist party virtually disappeared  2. Republican party broke up into competing factions  3. clay articulated the American System, a plan for economic development  4. after new orleans battle- jackson surged to power  5. jackson won popular vote/electoral vote  6. adams won and the whole thing was the 'corrupt bargain'  C. The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams  D. “The Democracy” and the Election of 1828  1.Despite jackson's support for the tariff most southerners blamed President Adams for the new act and refused to support him for second term  2. Adam was last notable to be in office  3. Democrats' strategy of seeking votes from a variety of groups worked  4. Jackson got the presidency  II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> A. Jackson’s Agenda: Patronage and Policy <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> 1. Jackson relied heavily of advisors <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> 2. Jackson had spoils system, jackson gave government jobs to his friends <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> 3. Jackson turned his attention to two complex and equally politically charged parts of the american system <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> B. The Tariff and Nullification <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> C. The Bank War <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> D. Indian Removal <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> E. The Jacksonian Impact <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> A. The Whig Worldview <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> B. Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837–1843 <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;"> C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” I think the industrial revolution led to more democratized politics because the industrial revolution created wide factions in society and class, this urged individualism and the common man to become more prominent. Adams was ahead of his time, especially in the department of innovations such as scientific explorations, and universities, as well as other thoughts of mathematics. Jackson was not only a war hero, he also gave the people what they wanted such as indian and bank removal. The conflict between white settlers and native americans could have been solved by courts, or buying the land, or first to claim rules. 5. Why did John C. Calhoun believe that “an unchecked majority is a despotism”? How did the politics of the day reinforce this belief? He wanted to devise a mechanism to check congressional majorities. He wanted to develop a constitutional theory that states' rights advocates would use well into the twentieth centurey. He wanted this agaisnt the nullification act. Not very well, they formed things such as unions but as a result got blacklisted and little came out of reforms. They wanted a log cabin image going. This image created the look of the ideals of the common man, which was prominent during the democratic revolution. When jackson spoke out against corruption and special privileges, he was talking about putting everyone on equal playing ground...referring mostly against the bank and helping the common man. I think that people probably looked to what their platform was. They also had a biased as to which class they were in, that would sway them as well. In addition they probably would be biased to whomever had more caucases and reforms in their area.
 * Chapter Annotated Outline**
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">expansion of franchise was the most dramatic expression of the democratic revolution
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">in 1810's many states revised their constitutions to eliminate property qualifications
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">first assaults on traditional political order came in the midwest/southwest
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">common man started elected other common men
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">enacted laws that retricted imprisonment for debt, kept tazes low, and allowed farmers to claim land
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">notables accepted a broader franchise-unhappily responding to reformers
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">new democracy was more complex, attacked different compains-religious liberty as one of them
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">power of natables declined as new political party emerged and organized forces
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">political machines- parties resembled
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Patronage-was letting people be in office due to their political help, caucases were party meetings
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Adams called for government based on “talent and virtue” and bold national leadership
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">he embraced america system
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Adam's policies favored national elite
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">hostile congress defeated most of adams's ambitious proposals
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">The far reaching battle of adam's admin. Came over tariffs, tariffs of 1816 effectively excluded imports
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">new tariff enraged south, declared the 'tariff of abominations'
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">tarriffof 1828 had helped ajckson win the presidency, but saddled him with major political crisis
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">British parliament had promised to end slavery in west indies and did in august 1833
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">s. carolina's act of nullification rested on the constitutional arguments developed in a tract published in 1828
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">jackson wanted to limit powers of the national government
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">compromise of 1833 of Force bill, made s. carolina pass bill
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Lincoln would embrace in defense of the Union during the secession crisis of 1861
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Jackson faced another challenge from supporters of the second band
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">specie-gold/silver/hard money6, banks promised to redeem
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">jackson wanted to escape supervision by a central bank
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">miscalculation by supporters of second bank that brought it's downfall
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">jackson turned tables on clay and webster he vetoed bill
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Jackson's attack on the bank carried him to victory in the presidential election of 1832
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">bank war escalated,
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Jackson had destroyed both national banking the creation of alexander hamilton
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">status of native american people was as difficult a poliical issue as tarrif and bank
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">most indians did not want to leave their ancestral lands
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">moved cherokees, creeks, chickasaws, choctaws, seminoles,
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">jackson pushed through congress the indian removal act of 1830
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">indians tried to protest in court system, denied national dependence
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">completely took territory and sold it
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">General winfield scott enforced treaty
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">rounded up 14,000 cherokees and forced them to march 1,200 miles, 3,000 died along the way
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">The national government asserted it's control over most eastern indian peoples -9
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">jackson destroyed the american system he disrupted the movement toward stronger central direction of american life
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">jackson permanently expanded the authority of the excutive branch
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Jackson and his democratic pary used their political predominance to infuse american institutions with their principles
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">taney court was chief justice of supreme court
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">taney court refused to broaden marshall's nationalistic interpretation of the commerce clause
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Jacksonian democrats in various states mounted their own constitutional revolution
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 9pt;">Jackson inserted new ideals into the new constitutions
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">whigs identified themselves with the pre revolutionary american and british parties also called whigs
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">the whigs were a diverse group, a heterogeneous mass of old national republicans and former jackson men
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">whigs celbrated role played by enterprising entrepreneurs
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">support for whigs in south was fragmentary
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">most whig leaders rejected calhouns class conscious vision
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">previous anti mason, whigs won congressional seats
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">democrats and whigs battled for power, faced challenges from new worker based political parties
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">the est. parties had to compete with radical reformers such as frances wright
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">working men's parties embraced the ideology of artisan republicanism
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">blacklist was a list of emplyees belonging to the union trade society of journeymen tailors
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">closed shop arguments was an agreement that required them to hire only union members
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">panic of 1837 threw the american economy into disarray
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">falling prices of goods st off a general financial crisis
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">and a second longer lasting economic downturn began in 1839
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">economy fell further, but conglicts over tariffs, banks, and internal improvements would depend not only on economic factors but also on political decisions
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">depression hada major impact on american politics
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">whigs blamed jacksons policies,
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">public turned its anger on van buren who entered office just as the panic began
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">the election of 1840 determined to exploit van buren's weaknesses thanks to the whigs
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">panic and depression stacked the political cards against van buren but the contest itself turned as much on style as on substance
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">van buren's became the great log cabin campaign
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">whigs boosted their electoral hopes by welcoming women to their festivities
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Whigs slogan for tyler was “tippecanoe and Tyler too!”
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">whig triumph was short lived-harrison died of pneumonia and nation got Tyler too
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Tyler was really a democrat sharing jackson's hostility to the second banck and americna system
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">Split between tyler and whigs allowed the democrats to regroup
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Minion-Regular,Times New Roman,serif;">continuing struggle between whigs and democrats completed the democratic revolution
 * Questions To Consider**
 * 1) Why do you think the Industrial Revolution led to more democratized politics?
 * 1) Was John Quincy Adams ahead of his day or behind his times?
 * 1) Why do you think Andrew Jackson was so popular?
 * 1) How could the conflict over land between white settlers and Native Americans have been resolved differently?
 * 1) How did workers react to the changes in their lives that resulted from industrialization?\
 * 1) Why did political campaigns after 1836 focus so much on image?
 * 1) What did Jackson and his followers mean when they spoke out against corruption and special privilege?
 * 1) On what basis do you think people decided to become Democrats or Whigs?

CHAPTER 9

1. How did Americans’ pursuit of republican ideals after the Revolution transform the nation into a more egalitarian society? ` republican ideals changed the basis of society and how families functioned 2. How did the role of women change in republican society? They had more rights and became more involved in society outside of the home 3. How and why did African Americans create a distinctive society in the South? They took parts of their African culture and blended it with their new one to make a distinct rural culture 4. Describe the social order of the South. Few wealthy plantation owners controlled things, then there were yeomen farmers, poor whites, enslaved africans 5. How did Protestant Christianity act as a force for social change? It gave a spiritual definition to republicanism
 * Chapter Instructional Objectives**

I. Democratic Republicanism A. Social and Political Equality for White Men B. Toward a Republican Marriage System
 * 1) no inherited aristocracy
 * 2) changes in legal profession
 * 3) voting rights for all free white men
 * 4) political power of poor white men grew
 * 5) rights and status of white women and free blacks declined
 * 1) husbands had long dominated their wives and controlled family's property
 * 2) sentimentalism
 * 3) companionate marriages
 * 4) changes in grounds for divorce
 * 5) young people arranged their own marriages
 * 6) daughters' inheritences were placed in a legal trist
 * 7) more of a partnership

C. Republican Motherhood
 * 1) traditionally women's duties were in the home
 * 2) birthrate dropped
 * 3) demographic transition
 * 4) birth controlled
 * 5) republican wives”correctly shaped the characters of American men”

D. Raising and Educating Republican Children
 * 1) altered assumptionas about inheritance and child rearing
 * 2) previously was primogeniture
 * 3) now inheritance was divided equally among offspring
 * 4) encouraged childrens' independence
 * 5) more permissive child rearing habits
 * 6) expanded education
 * 7) promoting cultural independence
 * 8) free writing
 * 9) literature helped shape culture

II. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery, 1780–1820 A. The North and the South Grow Apart
 * 1) social differences
 * 2) some southerners didn't like slavery; plantation owners did
 * 3) slavery became a part of national politics
 * 4) north emancipated more and more of its enslaved africans
 * 5) colonization society encouraged southern planters to emancipate their slaves

B. Toward a New Southern Social Order
 * 1) the colonization society failed
 * 2) plantation system (southern) grew
 * 3) demand for labor far exceeded the supply
 * 4) tried to force blacks from the north to migrate south
 * 5) separated families
 * 6) slave owners were few but wealthy

C. Slave Society and Culture
 * 1) planters ruled over a class divided white social order
 * 2) end of the trasatlantic slave trade in 1808
 * 3) african americans created a distinct and unified rural culture
 * 4) african culutural elements remained important
 * 5) discouraged marriage between cousins
 * 6) earned the right to labor by task, not under constant supervision

D. The Free Black Population
 * 1) rose from 8 to 13 percent
 * 2) 1/3 lived in the north
 * 3) a small minority of free african americans owned land
 * 4) blacks were usually forbidden to vote
 * 5) segregation
 * 6) were often unfairly accused of crimes

E. The Missouri Crisis
 * 1) rapid advance of plantation society into the southwest hightened the tension
 * 2) troubles with the new territories, admission to union blocked for missouri
 * 3) southerners said that b/c equal rights they couldnt impose laws on missouri that they hadn't on the other new territories
 * 4) slavery was “purely an internal affair”
 * 5) said that congress had no right to infringe on property rights of slave owners
 * 6) henry clay put together a series of political agreements

III. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force A. The Second Great Awakening
 * 1) much more complex than great awakening number one
 * 2) spawned new organizations dedicated to political and social reform
 * 3) churches that prospered were those that adopted a republican outlook
 * 4) methodist and baptist churches flourished
 * 5) “revivals”
 * 6) changed the denominational base of american religion
 * 7) evangelical ministers copied the techniques of george whitefield and other 18th century revitalists
 * 8) evangelical religion became increasingly important in the south
 * 9) black protestantism
 * 10) new religious thoughts and institutions

B. Women’s New Religious Role
 * 1) women assumed a new leading role in many protestant churches in the north
 * 2) increasing public activity
 * 3) became active in religious and charitable work
 * 4) excluded from other spheres of public life
 * 5) ministers were forced to rely on female members b/c of their substantial majority
 * 6) advanced women's education

1. What are some differences and similarities in women’s lives today compared with the early nineteenth century? More freedom, right to vote, not stuck at home. Many are still involved in church, and things like that. Less children. 2. Compare the differences and similarities between white women and black slave women in the early nineteenth century. Both were sort of oppressed and didn't have many rights, but wight women were free so they could do more. 3. What similarities are there between families in the early republic and families today? Partnerships, grounds for divorce, marriage for love, that sort of thing 4. Why did the pursuit of republican ideals change American society? More rights to women 5. What effects did the Second Great Awakening have on American society? Different role of churches and relgion 6. What caused the great emotionalism of religious revivals? It made people feel good about themselves, like they were changing things
 * Questions To Consider**

<span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Chapter 8!!! ** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Chapter Instructional Objectives** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **1. How and why did public policy and economic incentives inspire settlers and speculators to migrate westward? What were the consequences of this migration for Native Americans? Well the migration wasn't good for the Native Americans because they were forced to continually move off their land because settlers kept taking their land. Settlers moved west because the settlements were running out of space and the west also provided new agricultural opportunities.** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **2. What was Jefferson’s vision for the future of American government and society? How did he implement his beliefs during** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **his presidency? Jefferson was all for moving to the west he wanted America to expand and thrive in as many ways as possible which would explain him purchasing the Louisiana Purchase.** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **3. What were the policies of the Republican presidents between 1801 and 1820? How did they contrast with the Federalist** <span style="color: #5a83d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **programs of the 1790s? There were three Republican presidencies from 1801 to 1825 they wanted agricultural expansion this "Virginia Dynasty" reversed many Federalist policies. Western issues such as Indian policy and territorial disputes with Spain and Britain were the biggest concerns for these politiicans and they precipitated the War of 1812.** 4. How and why was the War of 1812 fought? What was the significance of its outcome? The war of 1812 was fought to protect american soverignty. It was a disaster both militarily and politically ending up gaining Louisiana purchase. 5. Explain the origins and operation of the emerging market economy in America. America gained a manufacturing base through emerging markets. Everyone was a farmer but produced goods off of the side making america have world standing. 6. Describe the growth of Federalist law and the evolution of the Supreme Court. Federalist law grew through the commonwealth law where republicans joined forces with them. The supreme court got the power of judicial review after Marbur v. Madison.

Chapter Annotated Outline

I. Westward Expansion A. Native American Resistance 1. The Treaty of Paris left Americans to deal with the Native Americans 2. The major struggle between the Indians and the Americans was land 3. The Treaty of Paris stated that pro-English Indians were conquered peoples but Indians resisted because they had never signed the treaty 4. The government used military threats to force the Indians to sign a treaty giving up their land such as the Treaty of Fort Stanwix 5. To relieve tension the U.S. government encouraged Native Americans to become farmers and assimilate into white society 6. Indians didn’t want to adapt however because they felt they were destroying the essence of Indian life B. Migration and the Changing Farm Economy 1. However Indian resistance didn’t stop white farmers from migrating so they could grow more crops 2. One great stream of migrants was composed mainly of white tenant farmers and struggling yeomen families into Kentucky and Tennessee 3. The other stream of migrants were slave-owning planters and they traveled into the states of Alabama and Mississippi 4. A third stream of migrants flowed out of New England into the West so they could provide land to the four or five children they had that would survive to adulthood 5. The settlement of western lands prompted changes in eastern agriculture they began to grow potatoes, cast-iron metal plows, etc. 6, Westward migration boosted the entire American economy C. The Transportation Bottleneck 1. Due to the lack of water ways America’s economic advance was threatened 2. Therefore improved inland trade therefore became a high priority for the new state governments 3. More cost-efficient inland waterways, dredging rivers to make them navigable and constructing short canals to bypass waterfalls or rapids were constructed 4. However many western settlers lacked access to these waterways and therefore had to become self-sufficient 5. Self-sufficiency meant a low standard of living 6. American was turned from forests into farms and crossroads into communities II. The Republicans’ Political Revolution A. The Jeffersonian Presidency 1. Thomas Jefferson assumed presidency in 1801 2. Jefferson became the first chief executive to hold office in the District of Colombia 3. Republican-dominated legislatures declared that the Supreme Court held the final power of judicial review 4. Marbury v. Madison- Ruled that the Court didn’t have power under the Constitution to enforce Marbury to become a justice of the peace whom Adam appointed as one of his midnight appointees 5. Jefferson reversed many Federalist policies 6. Jefferson declared the U.S. would no longer pay tribute to the Barbary States of North Africa 7. Jefferson abolished all internal taxes and reduced the size of the permanent army and appointed Albert Gallatin as his secretary of treasury 8. Because of Jefferson and Gallatin the nation was no longer run in the interests of northeastern creditors and merchants. B. Jefferson and the West 1. Long before Jefferson became President Jefferson championed the settlement of the West 2. As president Jefferson seized the opportunity to increase the flow of settlers to the west 3. Jefferson wanted to see the west populated with yeomen families 4. Thus the Land Act of 1820 cut the minimum purchase to 80 acres and the price to $1.25 an acre 5. Jefferson sent James Monroe to seek assistance in case of war with France 6. Jefferson’s diplomacy yielded a magnificent prize: the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million 7. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. however New England had fears and talked about leaving the Union 8. Aaron Burr became the leader of the attempted succession movement 9. The western expansion had increased sectional tension and party conflict, generating states’ rights sentiment in New England and secessionist schemes in the Wes t

C. Conflict with Britain and France 1. Napoleanoic wars ravaged Europe, threatened commercial interests of american republic (1802-1815) 2. Britain/France refused to respect the neutrality of merchant vessels and imposed continental system 3. Brtish set up naval blockade and force them back into service 4. Jefferson pursued a policy of peaceful coercion, Madison devised Embargo act 5. Republican congressmen from the west created “war Hawks of 1812” 6. Indians of Shawnee tried to exclude whites from all lands 7. 1811 William Henry Harrison led an army against the village, burned village down 8. madison demanded british respect for american sovereignty and when they didn't he asked congress for a declaration of war D. The War of 1812 1. disaster both militarily/politically 2. americans first had to retreat to canada, but then won a battle at Thames 3. political divisions in U.S prevented a major invasion of Canada in the East 4. Daniel Webster led federalist opposition to higher tazes and tariffs 5. 1814 british troops stormed ashore to attack D.C 6. burned the presidents mansion 7. military setbacks strengthened opposition to the war 8. british troops landed at New orleans threatening to cut off the access of western settlers 9. Jackson emerged as a war hero, Adams emerged as diplomat 10. As a result the u.s gained possession of nearly all land III. The Capitalist Commonwealth A. A Merchant-Based Economy: Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets 1. U.s was a nation of Merchants 2. got banking system and could secure loans 3. charted first bank in 1791 4. there was a panic of 1819 revealed that artisans and yeomen were now dependent of markets 5. began textile and good manufacturing 6. penetration of market economy into rural areas motivated farmers to produce more goods 7. capitalist run market economy had drawbacks 8. new market decreased self sufficiency B. Public Policy: The Commonwealth System 1. 1. state gvmt's were most important political institutions 2. state legislatures devised an american plan of mercantilism know as commonwelth system 3. goal was to produce common good/goal 4. limited liability-made it easier to attract investors 5. the use of state incentives encouraged business C. Federalist Law: John Marshall and the Supreme Court 1. federalists and republicans endorsed the commonwealth idea but in different ways 2. federalist and jeffersonian republican conceptions position of the marshall court on federal state relations was most eloquently expressed in mccullock b. maryland 3. era of good feeling- decline of political controversy 4. political harmony was more apparent than real 5. division in ranks of republican party would soon produce a second party system

Questions To Consider

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">1. Why did so many American farmers migrate to the trans-Appalachian West early in the nineteenth century? Which reason do you think was most important? They were running out of room was the most important also the land was cheaper and they could grow new crops in the west region. 2. How did the United States acquire Native American lands with such ease? They used military threats to force them to sign treaties giving up their lands. 3. Why did the first generation of western settlers have such difficulty establishing an independent livelihood? There were few transportation methods and the land was new and settlers were unsure of what methods to use with the new land and territory 4. Why did Jefferson take such a conciliatory attitude toward the Federalists? Jefferson was the first democratic-republican in was unhappy with Adams midnight appointees and decisions and greatly changed America’s government.

5. Did the Americans achieve their goals in the War of 1812? It was a disaster as a war, but the american's did get the louisiana purchase shortly after. 6. What price did farmers pay for participating in the putting-out system and the market economy? They became dependent on world market ant had to be vulnerable to crashes. 7. What forces turned America into a capitalist society during the early years of the republic? America becomes capitalist by their economic growth. It was based on private property and market exchanges because capitalists shaped many of its political and financial policies.


 * Chapter 7**

Chapter Instructional Objectives 1. How and why did Americans devise a representative system of government between 1776 and 1800? 2. Analyze the debate over the ratification of the Constitution; compare and contrast the positions of both Federalists and Antifederalists. 3. What were the differences between Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s visions of the operation and the role of government? Hamilton wanted to enhance the authority of the national government and favor wealthy financers and seaport merchants. He wanted to bolster the government’s credit and provide windfall profits to speculators. He proposed to create a permanent national debt to pay he Burrells and other note holders. Hamilton wanted a national bank and a national revenue that would be used to pay the annual interest on he permanent debt. Jefferson’s vision of the American future was agragarian and democratic. He wanted to settle the west with farm families. 4. What effects did the French Revolution have on American policy and decision making? American merchants prospered but Americans argued over the ideologies of the war. This sharpened the debate over Hamilton’s economic policies and even helped foment a domestic insurrection

Chapter Annotated Outline I. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787 A. The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? 1-10 B. The Articles of Confederation 1-7 C. Shays’s Rebellion 1-6 II. The Constitution of 1787 A. The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1-3 B. The Philadelphia Convention 1-14 C. The people debate ratification 1. The Constitution would go into effect if 9 out of the 13 states ratified it. 2. Federalists (Nationalists) launched a coordinated political campaign supporting the proposed constitution. 3. The antifederalists opposed the Constitution. 4. People worried that the constitution would encourage the election of a few wealthy upper-class men. 5. antifederalists wanted to keep the government close to the people by having it remain a collection of small sovereign republics tied together only for trade and defense, the “states united” 6. the federalists created a national republic that restored the political authority of established leaders 7. They held parades to celebrate

\D. The Federalists implement the constitution 1. The constitution expanded the dimensions of American political life, allowing voters to fill national as well as local and state offices. 2. Washington added to the constitution that the president, not the senate, can remove public officials, ensuring the executive’s control over the bureaucracy. 3. The new president designated his cabinet 4. The judiciary act permitted appeals to the supreme court of federal legal issues that arose in state-run courts, ensuring that national judges would decide the meaning of the constitution. 5. The Federalists added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

III. The Political Crisis of the 1790s A. Hamilton’s financial program 1.enhance the authority of the national government 2. favor wealthy financers and seaport merchants 3. bolster the government’s credit 4. provide windfall profits to speculators 5. proposed to create a permanent national debt to pay he Burrells and other note holders 6. national bank 7. national revenue that would be used to pay the annual interest on he permanent debt 8. domestic exice taxes, including a tariff on whiskey 9. trade increased, customs revenue rose steadily

B. Jefferson’s Agrarian vison 1. felt that workers who depended on wages lacked the economic independence required to sustain a republic 2. pictured a west settled by productive yeomen and farm families 3. prosperity for farmers 4. prosperity for planters

C. the French revolution divides Americans. 1. president Washington issued the proclamation of neurality 2. American merchants profited from the war 3. american’s argued over it’s ideologies 4. these conflicts sharpened the debate over hamilton’s economic policies 5. helped foment a domestic insurrection 6. whiskey rebellion - opposed whiskey tax 7. Jay’s treaty required US to compensate the british merchants for pre revolution war debts owed by American citizens.

D. The rise of political parties 1. Federalists and Republicans 2. popular sovereignty created a contest for the votes of average citizens 3. resulted in the party system 4. republican coalition was more diverse 5. federalists won the 1796 election

E., constitutional crisis (1798-1800) 1. foreign policy prompted domestic protest and governmental repression 2. the US fought an undeclared maritime war against france 3. pro-republican and anti-british immigrants from Ireland attacked adams’ foreign policy 4. to silence critics, the administration enacted coercive measures 5. the naturalization act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years 6. the alien act authorized the deportation of foreigners 7. the sedition act prohibited the publication of ungrounded or malicious attacks on the president or congress 8. the federalists’ repressive actions created a constitutional crisis 9. violated the first amendment

Questions To Consider 1. What were the various motives of the men who wanted to reform the Articles of Confederation and establish a strong national government? 2. Were the Articles of Confederation a success or a failure? Why? 3. Why did Republicans oppose the Constitution? 4. Was the Constitution more or less democratic than the state constitutions and the Articles of Confederation? Less 5. Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose Hamilton’s programs? Hamilton's programs didn't support the farmers and common americans

Chapter 6

Toward Independence, 1775–1776 A. The Second Continental Congress and the Civil War 1.armed struggle in Massachusetts lent urgency to second continental congress~may 1775 2. Soon after congress opened more than 3,000 troops attacked new American fortifications on Breed's Hill 3.1,000 casualties they finally dislodged the patriot militia 4. Congress Versus the King, A majority in congress still hoped for reconciliation with Britain-john Dickinson passed a proposal known as the olive branch petition 5. George III chose not to exploit divisions among patriots and refused to receive the petition issued Proclamation for suppressing Rebellion and Sedition 6. Congress won support for an invasion of Canada add 14th colony Forces took Montreal but in 1775 failed to capture Quebec city 7. hoped to undermine British economy and cut trade with west Indies and Britain but Britain retaliated with Prohibitory act (outlawed trade with rebellious colonies) 8. Ethiopian Regiment-enlisted 1,000 slaves who fought for freedom, fighting b/w loyalists and patriots 9. Demands for independence increased turning many areas into areas of military conflict B. Common Sense 1. Movement toward independence was slow because of the many that were still loyal 2. by 1775 most were against monarch 3. January 1776 Thomas Paine published Common Sense a call for independence and republicanism 4. He used strong language everyone could understand and made attacks at George III 5. within 6 months Common sense went through 25 editions and reached thousands 6. it's message was clear “now is the time to part” C. Independence Declared 1. In june 1776 Richard Henry Lee Presented the Virginia Conventions resolution that we ought to be free 2. On July 4, 1776 Congress approved a Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson 3. Explained government should be from consent of the governed 4. Toppled statues of the king and broke patriots' psychological ties to monarch 5. July 8, 1776 spectators heard reading of the Declaration at Easton Penn. And gave consent II. The Trials ofWar, 1776–1778 A. War in the North 1. In response to the Declaration of Independence, Britain launched a full-scale war against the confederation of states; the British won almost every battle. 2. Britan had more people and a better army. 3. British forces invaded and occupied New York City and the surrounding area, eventually pushing the Continental army into Pennsylvania. 4. Then in late 1776, Washington shifted his strategy from one of confrontation in the open field to one of surprise attack. 5. The overconfident British were caught with their guard down as Washington's army achieved several small victories and boosted Patriot morale. B. Armies and Strategies 1. The British sought to negotiate with the Americans or force them to surrender, rather than destroy them. 2. With an inexperienced, underfinanced, and undersupplied army of short-term enlistees drawn largely from the disadvantaged classes, Washington had few strategic choices. 3. His tactics grew increasingly defensive as he sought to draw the British away from the coast, extend their lines of supply, and sap their morale. 4. Given the poor condition of his forces, he was fortunate to have avoided defeat in the first year of the war. C. Victory at Saratoga 1. the British launched a major campaign in 1777 to put down the Revolution. 2. British generals disagreed about strategy, leading to Britain's defeat. 3. General Howe believed that the Revolution could be ended by taking the colonial capital of Philadelphia. 4. Howe's diversion toward Philadelphia drew support troops away from the effort to take Albany, New York; without reinforcements, Burgoyne's troops were set upon by 2,000 American militiamen. 5. The British defeat at Saratoga was a turning point; it convinced the French to join the American, boosted morale, supplied equipment.. D. Social and Financial Perils 1. Congress financed the war by borrowing money, selling Continental loan certificates, and issuing large sums of paper money. 2. This policy of no taxation and severe shortages of goods, made for some hardcore inflation. 3. Mobs, many led by women, protested high prices and deprivation, threatening merchants and pressuring local governments. 4. In the winter of 1777-78, the Continental army was caught between congressional insolvency and popular demoralization; they suffered. 5. Raising the self-respect and readiness of the American army at Valley Forge, a former Prussian military officer, Baron Von Steuben, volunteered his expertise in European warfare to the American cause in order to counter failing morale.

1. Why was the Declaration of Independence passed when it was and not earlier or later? The declaration was not passed earlier because the rebels had battles to fight and had to get the loyalists on their side as well. Common sense books and rallies and mobs made the declaration actually appear sooner than later as well.

2. What was the real political and ideological meaning of the Declaration?

KELSEY'S CHAPTER 6 PART!!! III. The Path to Victory 1778-1783 A. The French Alliance 1. In 1778 the United States formed a military alliance with France the most powerful European nation 2. This alliance brought America money, troops, and supplies and changed the conflict from a colonial rebellion to an international war 3. The Treaty of Alliance of February 1778 stated that once France entered the war neither partner would sign a separate peace treaty until U.S. independence was ensured 4. In return the treaty stated the government would recognize any French conquests in the West Indies 5. This alliance boosted resources and confidence of the Continental Congress 6. The war became increasingly unpopular in Britain 7. Many believed Americans should have more rights and some even rioted against the British government for changes in England 8. The prime minister opened discussions with the Continental Congress offering to revoke the sugar and stamp acts 9. However Americans rejected the overture B. War in the South 1. The French alliance may have expanded the war but didn’t conclude it 2. The Patriot’s cause became enmeshed in a web of European territorial quarrels 3. The British decided to use its army to recapture rich tobacco and rice growing colonies in Virginia 4. In 1776 over 1,000 slaves fought for Lord Dunmore under the banner “liberty to slaves!” basically Africans played an important role in the war too 5. Sir Henry Clinton was in charge of Britain’s military strategy 6. The Franco-American victory at Yorktown broke the resolve of the British government 7. Thus the British ministry gave up active prosecution of the war C. The Patriot Advantage 1. The British ministry blamed the military leadership for its failure in the war 2. Historians also believe America’s large support for the war helped them win 3. The Patriots were also led by experience politicians 4. Washington was basically a freakin awesome general and made ballin military decisions 5. Patriots controlled local governments and at crucial moments could mobilize the militia to assist his Continental army 6. While the British won many military victories they achieved little and their defeats at Saratoga and Yorktown proved catastrophic D. Diplomatic Triumph 1. After Yorktown diplomats took two years to conclude the war peace talks began in Paris in April 1782 but the French and Spanish stalled 2. So America decided to secretly write a treaty with England 3. Thus the Treaty of Paris was signed in September 1783 4. In the Treaty of Versailles signed at the same time as the Treaty of Paris Britain made peace with France and Spain 5. Only Americans profited handsomely from the treaties, which gave them independence from Britain and opened up the interior of the North American continent for settlement 3. How did Americans win the War of Independence? Washington led an army to Yorktown forcing Cornwallis to surrender in October 1781. Due to the British being stymied militarily in America, and lacking public support at home, the British ministry gave up active prosecution of the war.

IV. Republicanism Defined and Challenged --wyki

A. Republican Ideals under Wartime Pressures 1.The hardships of the war undermined selfless idealism and during the war Patriot military foces became increasingly unruly. 2. economic distress tested the republican virtue of ordinary citizens. 3. the character of commercial activity changed as farmers and artisans adapted to a war economy 4.women contributed to the war effort by increasing production of homespun cloth 5. food shortages lead to demands for a Committee on Prices 6. favored fair trade

B. The Loyalist Exodus 1. as the war turned in favor of the patriots, more than 100,000 loyalists fearing their lives emigrated to the West Indies, Canada, and Britain 2. the loyalist exodus disrupted the social hierarchy in many communities because a significant minority of loyalists came from the ranks of wealthy officials, merchants, and landowners. 3. new republican governments did not seek to change the existing social order.

C. The Problem of Slavery 1. slavery revealed a contradiction in the Patriots' republican ideology 2. the struggle of white patriots for independence raised the prospect of freedom for enslaved africans 3. for a variety of reasons thousands of africans decided to serve the patriot cause 4. the quakers were sharp critics of the many inequities and took the lead in condemning slavery 5. methodists and baptists also advocated emancipation 6. enlightenment philosophy also worked to undermine slavery and racism 7. by 1784 Massachusetts abolished slavery outright. 8. pennsylvania, connecticut and rhode island gradually abolished slavery as well, but all kept racist laws 9. slaves made up a huge financial investment in the south and movements towards abolishment were violently squashed.

D. A Republican Religious Order 1. political revolution broadened the appeal of religion devise a new relationship between church and state 2. after the revolution an established church and compulsory religious taxes were no longer the norm in the US 3. no government funded religious institutions 4. in virginia the separation of church and state was never complete 5. americans influenced by the enlightenment and by evangelical protestantism condemned such restre\ictions on freedom of conscience 6. in religion as in politics, independence provided americans with the opportunity to fashion a new institutional order


 * 1) What kinds of social change were caused by the American Revolution?

New religion/government laws, questioning slavery,

CHAPTER 5:

I. The Imperial Reform Movement, 1763-1765 A. The Legacy of War B. The Sugar Act and Colonial Rights C. An Open Challenge: The Stamp Act 1. The issue of taxation sparked the first great imperial crisis. 2. the stamp tax would cover part of the cost of keeping 10,000 British troops in America 3. The colonists wanted direct representation in the English legislature 4. Britain argued that the colonists were “virtually represented” by merchants in parliament with interests in America 5. Parliament also passed the Quartering Act 6. violators of the stamp act would be tried in vice-admiralty courts
 * 1) The Great War for Empire left Britain in a mountain of debt that prompted the British ministry to impose new taxes on its American possessions.
 * 2) During the fighting, there were major conflicts between colonial leaders and British generals over funding, military appointments, and policy objectives.
 * 3) The massive presence of British troops revealed sharp cultural differences between the colonies and the home country.
 * 4) The war exposed the weak political position of British royal governors and other officials.
 * 5) Parliament passed the Revenue act to tighten up the customs service and keep colonists from bribing customs officials.
 * 6) In 1763 Britain deployed a large peacetime army of about 10,000 men in North America.
 * 7) The ministry increased excise levies (sales taxes) on goods like salt, beer, and distilled spirits.
 * 8) The Radical whig John Wilkes called for an end to rotten boroughs (tiny districts whose voters were controlled by wealthy aristocrats and merchants).
 * 1) Currency act protected merchants by banning the use of paper money as legal tender
 * 2) the Sugar Act replaced the widely evaded Molasses Act of 1733
 * 3) Merchants and their allies raised constitutional objections to the new legislation
 * 4) Merchants accused of violating the Sugar Act would be tried by vice-admiralty courts (maritime tribunals composed only of a judge) instead of by a local common-law jury
 * 5) Having lived for decades under a policy of “salutary neglect,” Americans were quick to charge that the new British policies challenged the existing constitutional structure of the empire.
 * 6) British officials insisted on the supremacy of Parliamentary laws.

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1766 A. The Crowd Rebels 1. 1765 Patrick Henry addressed the Virginia House of Burgesses and blamed George III for bad legislation he and in a separate case James otis challenged the Stamp Act 2. Nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to stamp act congress -1765 3. Challenged the constitutionality of the stamp/sugar acts 4. Sons Of Liberty-men who were disciplined mob leaders, demanded the resignation of new tax collectors 5. mobs were far reaching and violent 6. Protestant mobs every November 5th marched and burned effigies of the pope to commemorate failure in 1605 B. Ideological Roots of Resistance 1. First protests focused narrowly on economic and politics 2. Finally focused on liberty 3. COMMON LAW- patriot publicists drew on English common law, legal rules. Also drew from enlightenment and 4. Pamphlets and writings swiftly disseminated due to presence of colonial printing industry and newspapers C. Parliament Compromises, 1766 1. In Britain Parliament was in turmoil with different factions having different reactions to America 2. Old Whigs advocated repeal for reasons of policy-believed America was more important for trade 3. January 1766 commercial centers of Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow deluged parliament with petitions 4. The prime minister Lord Rockingham gave each group just enough to feel satisfied 5. He repealed stamp act and ruled out the use of troops against colonists 6. he also modified sugar act, reducing the duty from 3 pence to 1 7. Declaratory Act of 1766 which explicitly reaffirmed the british parliament’s full power and authority to make laws and statutes and bind colonies 8. as of 1766 political positions had not yet hardened, both coulde still hope to work out imperial relationship

III. The Growing Confrontation, 1767–1770 A. The Townshend Initiatives 1.Under the direction of Charles Townshend, British policies became harsher and more repressive toward the colonies after 1767. 2. New taxes were levied on paper, paint, glass, and tea, with part of the revenue to be used to pay the salaries of British officials in the colonies. 3. Townshend also forced New Yorkers to quarter troops under threat of dissolving its assembly. B. America Again Debates and Resists 1.Americans continued to protest the passage and enforcement of tax laws as unconstitutional infringements on their rights. 2. The Townshend duties inspired a new round of protests and another call for boycotts and nonimportation of British goods. 3. Colonists increased the domestic production of goods such as paper and cloth to lessen their dependence on British sources. 4. After some opposition, the boycotts gained momentum. The British authorities responded by sending troops to America as a first step toward military coercion of the colonies. C. Lord North Compromises, 1770 1. in 1770 the British conceded to American protests; most of the Townshend duties were repealed, except for the tax on tea. 2. Most Americans accepted the compromise rather than push Britain to the point of a full-scale confrontation. 3. A growing interest in redefining the role of the colonies within the British empire showed that the compromise had brought only a truce, not a settlement of American problems with Britain.

IV. The Road to War, 1771–1775 A. The Compromise Ignored 1. Boston Patriots wanted greater rights for the colonies and continued to warn Americans of the dangers of imperial domination 2. Samuel Adams persuades the Boston town meeting to establish a Committee of Correspondence and other towns soon followed 3. Parliament’s passage of a Tea Act in May 1773 is what led England to civil war 4. Americans avoided the tax on tea by importing illegal tea from Dutch merchants 5. Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts hatched the scheme known as the Boston Tea Party 6. The British Privy Council enacted four Coercive Acts to force Massachusetts into submission 7. Boston Harbor was closed, local town meetings were prohibited, the colonies were required to build barracks or accommodate soldiers in private houses, trials for capital crimes could be transferred to other colonies or Britain all resulted from these acts 8. Patriots called these the “Intolerable Acts” 9. In 1774 Parliament passed the Quebec Act which extended the boundaries of Quebec into the Ohio River Valley 10. Many colonial leaders saw it as another demonstration of Parliament’s power to intervene in American domestic affairs B. The Continental Congress Responds 1. American leaders called for a new all-colony assembly, the Continental Congress 2. The Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September 1774 3. The Continental Congress passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances that condemned the Coercive Acts and demanded their appeal 4. William Pitt asked Parliament to give up its taxation on the colonies and in return the colonists would grant a continuing revenue but England rejected the idea 5. Lord North imposed a naval blockade on American trade with foreign countries 6. England didn’t fear war because it believed its militia could overcome the colonists 7. The Patriots decided they must resort to violence C. The Rising of the Countryside 1. The Patriots victory rested largely on the rural population 2. The economic boycott on British goods led to the formation of Committees of Safety and Inspection 3. Patriots appealed to the yeoman tradition of agricultural independence 4. Some prominent Americans feared a revolution because it would end in a mob rule 5. Tenant farmers supported the crown because they hated their landowners 6. A Tory association began in support of England but it was to feeble to accomplish anything 7. However the majority of white Americans supported the revolution D. The Failure of Compromise 1. The Loyalists were harassed and Patriots ruled most of England 2. Minutemen appeared 3. Even before the news of Massachusetts defiance it was already labeled in England as in a state of open rebellion 4. On April 19, 1775 local militiamen met the British first at Lexington and then at Concord 5. Too much blood was spilled during this confrontation that compromise was no longer an option 6. Twelve years of economic conflict and constitutional debate had ended in civil war

CHAPTER 5 QUESTIONS: 1. What factors triggered the deterioration in relations between Great Britain and its American colonies? Taxes that the colonists felt were unfair, presence of British troops after the war, disagreement between british officers and colonial leaders, the currency act, the sugar act, newly enforced laws, the stamp act, colonists felt they weren't represented in parliament, the quartering act.

2. Why were the British so surprised by the American reaction to the Stamp Act? People in England already paid a similar tax, the House of Commons felt the power of Parliament would be enough to enforce the stamp act.

3. How did the actions of each side contribute to military confrontation at Lexington and Concord? The English made laws the colonists found unfair, had taxation without representation, revoked the right for them to bear arms, and eventually came on “American” soil. The Colonists refused to follow ‘fair’ laws, rebelled against English in petitions, mobs, and revolts, they prepared a small army, and accumulated weapons.

4. Which side was responsible for pushing events toward a military confrontation? Both sides were responsible, however if the English had compromised more, the confrontation would not have happened. If the English had not come over with the ‘red coats’ to fight, the confrontation would not have taken place either.

5. Which political group among the American colonists played the most important role in pushing events toward war?

6. Which groups in colonial society most actively supported the rebellion?)

Hilary Chapter 4

Chapter Instructional Objectives 1. Analyze regional differences in settlement patterns, labor conditions, and religious identity between freehold society in New England and the diverse communities of the Middle Atlantic. -- Later toward the western uprisings a major break between the north and south starts to erupt. The southern areas deal more with slaves and the major patriarchal aspects of society. Women didn’t hold any power in the family and had to count on the men for total support. In the northern areas they were concentrated more on dealing with Great Britain and the taxes the imposed on the colonists. 2. How did the Enlightenment affect the emerging intellectual life of American society? -- It made society concentrate on what they were feeling in their heart to dictate their actions. It called for learning more and going to school, especially for those with beliefs such as the Pietism movements. 3. What were the consequences of the Great Awakening, and how would you assess these consequences? -- Major conflict arose for the old lights and new lights. The old lights didn’t allow evangelists to communicate amongst each other and wanted to keep the status quo. The new lights wanted reform for the people. A division then occurs in the south because ministers started to ignore those without an authoritative position. 4. How and why did the Great War for Empire change the balance of imperial power in North America? -- It was basically a challenge to see if the French or British held more power in the Americas. Because Britain prevailed it gave that country more control over the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. This happened because the area was trying to expand, and they couldn’t without trying to conquer the Indians who had settled on the land initially.

Chapter Annotated Outline I. Freehold Society in New England A. Farm Families: Women’s Place 1. Freeholders-puritans created a yeoman society primarily composed of farm families 2. Puritan families, men dominated their families 3. Women got punished more, main goal was to marry in early 20’s and have kids to 6-7 4. The size of farms shrank in long settled communities, after 1750 average kids were 4 5. Women didn’t have as big of role in church, couldn’t participate in duties as much as men B. Farm Property: Inheritance 1. Men who migrated to colonies escaped many traditional constraints of European Society, able to own land 2. Parents with small farms couldn’t provide their children with a start in life many indenture their sons and daughters as servants and laborers 3. Luckier sons/daughter in successful farm families received a marriage portion, chose child’s spouse, and got some land livestock or farm equipment, couldn’t “fall in love” C. The Crisis of Freehold Society II. The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720–1765 A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality B. Cultural Diversity 1. Quakers had a good relationship with the Indians and didn’t allow slavery 2. Many people were fleeing Germany because of war, religious persecution, and poverty and they went to Pennsylvania including the Mennonites 3. Many Germans came to America but still preserved their culture and insisted married women should have the right to hold property and write wills 4. Migrants from Ireland formed the largest group of incoming Europeans 5. The Irish Test Act of 1704 excluded Scottish Presbyterians as well as Irish Catholics from holding public office C. Religious Identity and Political Conflict 1. Some criticized the separation of church and state in America 2. Quaker dominance came under attack in the 1750s, but the alliance wasn’t strong enough III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening,1740–1765 A. The Enlightenment in America 1. The two great European cultural movements reached America between the 1720s and the 1760s: the Enlightenment and Pietism 2. The Enlightenment= Emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world, appealed to well-educated men and women from merchant or planter families and urban artisans 3. Pietism= An emotional, evangelical religious movement that stressed a Christian’s personal relation to God attracted many adherents 4. Issac Newton used mathematics to explain the movement of the planets and the sun 5. John Locke emphasized the impact of environment, experience, and reason on human behavior B. American Pietism and the Great Awakening 1. Where the Enlightenment emphasized human reason and led some followers to abandon traditional religions, the Pietist movement of the mid-1700s stressed emotion and mystical union with God. 2. Pietism—being devout—appealed principally to the lower social groups. Across the colonies, ministers promoted Pietism through forceful, emotional sermons intended to restore a spiritual commitment among the colonists. 3. The most noteworthy preacher was George Whitefield, a young English minister who traveled throughout the colonies from the South to New England. His sermons transformed local revivals into a "Great Awakening." C. Religious Upheaval in the North 1. The Great Awakening created tensions and caused divisions in many traditional colonial denominations, including Congregational churches in New England and Dutch Reformed churches in New York and New Jersey. 2. The Awakening challenged long-held beliefs and questioned religious taxes and the authority of ministers. 3. At the same time, it injected new enthusiasm into other areas of colonial life, such as education. D. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 1. The Great Awakening caused religious turmoil within the southern colonies. 2. New Light established Church of England. 3. Baptist revivalists made inroads among poor whites and black slaves, threatening the political and economic power of the landed gentry. 4. The strong reaction of the gentry to these challenges to traditional thinking reflected the growing class antagonisms that had developed in many parts of the South. IV. The Midcentury Challenge:War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750–1765 A. The French and Indian War 1. By the mid-eighteenth century British colonists, principally Virginians, began looking westward toward the Ohio River Valley--long-established Indian territories--in search of land for new settlements. 2. The French viewed the colonists' movements as a threat to their economic and territorial interests. 3. By 1754, Virginians were engaged in hostilities with France and their Indian allies that soon escalated into a full-scale war between Great Britain and France. B. The Great War for Empire 1. Under the leadership of William Pitt, Great Britain escalated the French and Indian War into the Great War for Empire, attempting to finish France as an economic and colonial rival in America. 2. British victories across New confirmed the triumph of British arms. France was forced out of almost all of North America, leaving Great Britain to expand its territorial holdings and consolidate control of its Atlantic coast colonies. 4. Many Indians who had allied with France feared that British rule would cost them their lands. 5. The Indian chief Pontiac led an uprising that led the British to peace agreements barring Anglo-Americans from settling west of the Appalachians. C. British Economic Growth and the Consumer Revolution 1. By the mid-eighteenth century, Great Britain was experiencing the Industrial Revolution, resulted in the production of more and better goods at lower prices. 2. To pay for manufactured wares and textiles, Americans increased their production and export of tobacco and foodstuffs and borrowed heavily from British merchants. 3. Many consumers landed in debt. 4. The increase in transatlantic trade had raised living standards but also had made Americans more dependent on overseas creditors and international economic conditions. D. Land Conflicts 1. The continued growth of the colonial population caused increased conflicts over land rights. 2. Conflicts arose from the landed gentry's attempt to enforce long-dormant proprietary rights over tenants and squatters. 3. Increased the resemblance between rural societies in Europe and America. 4. As tenants and yeomen farmers feared they would be reduced to the status of European peasants, they looked west for cheap freehold land that was unencumbered by existing grants. E. Western Uprisings 1. As colonists moved westward in search of available land, conflict with Native Americans increased. 2. In western areas Anglo-Americans continued to fight the Native American tribes they had battled during the French and Indian War. 3. Frontier farmers demanded greater local political representation and financial relief from taxes and debts. 4. In North and South Carolina, many of these frontiersmen joined Regulator movements, military groups that attempted to enforce local power.
 * 1. It was the cultural duty of the father to provide inheritances for his children, and men who failed to do so lost status in the community. **
 * 2. Because the population was growing so rapidly, parents had less to give to their children and consequently had less control over their children’s' lives. **
 * 3. New England Farmers made do on their smaller farms by exchanging goods and labor, developing the full potential of the "household mode of production" **
 * 1. The population explosion in Western Europe doubled the price of wheat; American farmers profited and the population grew rapidly **
 * 2. The "Cradle Scythe" doubled or tripled the amount of grain a worker could cut **
 * 3. Unlike New York, rural Pennsylvania and New Jersey were initially marked by economic equality because the original Quaker migrants arrived with approximately equal resources **
 * 4. The rise of the wheat trade and influx of poor settlers introduced marked social divisions **
 * 5. A new class of agricultural capitalists accumulated substantial estates **
 * 6. "inmates" = single men and families who lived in small cottages and had no taxable property except a cow.. **
 * 7. Migrants to the middle colonies usually tried to preserve their cultural identities and it was not a melting pot of Americans, but many separate cultures **

Questions To Consider 1. How did colonists, primarily in New England, respond to the crisis of the shrinking supply of land to give to their children? -- They chose to have smaller families and use the land more efficiently. They would plant crops that could exist with the land better and gave and used help from their neighbors to tend their land plots. 2. How did gender roles in colonial America change between 1700 and 1776? -- Women were able to become more involved in society, especially in church. They still didn’t have anything close to the roles of males, but they improved no less. 3. How did the Quaker presence affect life in Pennsylvania? -- Essentially, Pennsylvania became a haven for anybody who wanted to just follow their own religion. It was a popular place for new immigrants to settle because they didn’t follow the same rules as these strict Puritan communities. You were allowed to worship as you pleased. 4. What factors caused the Great Awakening? Why was it so pervasive? -- People started to go more in depth with their religion and it became a major part of life, thus contemplating about it a lot. They started thinking more about it and came up and concentrated heavily on spiritual beliefs and acting what you feel is right in your heart. 5. How was Great Britain, with a depleted treasury, able to defeat the French in 1756 to 1763 after having failed to achieve success against them in previous colonial wars? -- Because they were able to take control of one of their ports that controlled all of the supplies that were shipped to the colonies. 6. What were some of the causes of the increasing number of land disputes in the western areas of the colonies at the end of the colonial period? -- Because the colonists wanted to expand but there was nowhere to do so. In the south were dangerous Indians and territories that were filled with prisoners who were sent there, and also the massive amounts of slaves. The Appalachian mountains were nearly impossible to cross so the only other land they could have was that west of the Ohio river, so people had to fight for it. 7. In the period of 1700 to 1750, did society in the northern colonies, middle colonies, and southern colonies become more alike or grow increasingly different? -- Grow increasingly different. Hardcore. The southern colonies were your major places for plantations because that’s where the land essential for growing these crops is. They were in an area with major patriarchal values and deep religious roots. Then in the northern areas you have a bunch of new ideas floating around with the Great Awakening and a more different style of thinking concentrating on new values.

** Chapter Three Annotated Outline ** __ I. The Politics of Empire, 1660–1713 __ i. Lack of government caused religious conflict and civil war. ii. 1660 Charles II gave away millions of acres of American land, mainly to European aristocrats. iii. The people refused to work for large manors working on tobacco, etc. iv. Made their own system of social hierarchy v. Imported slaves and traded with the Native Americans. vi. "ill governed and violence- ridden" vii. William Penn and Pennsylvania: given land by Charles II, he converted them into Quakers; were persecuted in England for refusal to pay taxes and take part in war. viii. Were Christians, but didn't have the pessimistic ideas of Puritans or Calvanists. ix. Tried to attract people to his colony by his accepting religion, organized streets, land at low prices, and advertisements in Dutch and German. x. Soon many people came to this colony. Ethnic diversity, pacifism, and freedom of conscience made Pennsylvania the most open and democratic of the Restoration colonies. xi. Pennsylvania was the most open and democratic of the Restoration colonies i. Mercantilism- policies of government subsidies and charters to stimulate English manufacturing and foreign trade. ii. The Navigation Acts regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing. iii. The Navigation Act of 1651 prohibited Dutch merchants from the colonial trade and gave English traders a monopoly by requiring that goods imported into England be carried on English owned ships iv. European exports to American must pass through England. v. Revenue Act of 1673 imposed a "plantation duty" on sugar and tobacco exports. vi. People tried to not pass these rules, but in Massachusetts, they were put under stricter control of the English government. vii. In 1686 King James and the Lords of Trade revoked the corporate charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island and merged them with the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies to form the Dominion of New England. Two years later they added New York and New Jersey. viii. King James extended his absolutist rule to the entire dominion i. Afraid of a political persecution from the roman catholic king, english parliament leaders supported a quick and bloodless coup known as the glorious revolution. They forced James into exile and enthroned Mary, his protestant daughter by his first wife. ii. Queen Mary II and King William III agreed to rule as constitutional monarchs and accepted a bill of rights. iii. John Locke rejected divine-right theories of monarchial rule in his Two Treatises on Government (1690) iv. Locke's pro-individual rights had a lasting influence in America v. The glorious revolution sparked rebellions by colonists in Massachusetts, Maryland, and New York in 1689 vi. The uprising in Maryland had both economic and religious causes. Rising tobacco prices, high taxes. When parliament got rid of James II, Protestants quickly removed catholic officials and appointed lord Baltimore who renounced Catholicism and converted to Angelican faith. vii. In New York the rebellion against the Dominion of New England began a decade of violence and political conflict. vii. In both America and England, the glorious revolution of 1688 and 1689 began a new phase in imperial history. The uprisings in Boston and New York toppled the authoritarian dominion of New England and, because William I wanted colonial support for a war against France, won the restoration of internal self-government. England became a constitutional monarchy. i. Between 1689 and 1815 Britain vied with France for dominance in western Europe. ii. as these wars spread to the western hemisphere they involved increasing numbers of Native American warriors who were now armed with European guns and stell knives and hatchets. iii. The first significant fighting in North America occurred during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) which was Britain against France and Spain iv. The English settlers in the Carolinas tried to protect their growing settlements by launching attacks against Spanish Florida. They armed the Creeks as military allies v. Native Americans played an important role in these wars vi. Britain used victories in Europe to win major territorial and commercial concessions in the Americas in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) vii. Britain got Newfoundland, Acadia, the Hudson Bay region of northern Canada, and access to the western Indian trade (from France) ix. Britain got the strategic fortress of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean and a thirty-year contract to supply slaves to Spanish \America (from Spain) x. These gains solidified Britain's commercial supremacy and brought peace to eastern North America for a generation. __ II. The Imperial Slave Economy __ i. Britain's increasing administrative and military interest in American affairs reflected the growing importance of its Atlantic trade in slaves and staple crops. ii. The South Atlantic System had 3 major components: fertile lands seized from Indians, enslaved laborers purchased from Africans, and capital and ships provided by Europeans iii. Between 1550 and 1700 Dutch and Portuguese annually transported 10,000 slaves annually iv. British and French merchants took over this commerce v. Portuguese and Dutch developed sugar plantations in Brazil in 1620’s English and French merchants carried the new industry to subtropical islands vi. Sugar revolution converted Barbados into an island of slaves courtesy of the Dutch, planter-merchant elite drew 10% profits-thousands of jobs created Commercial expansion made Royal Navy most powerful fleet in Europe vii. Created centralized states and military conquest this changing the nature of West African Society-War and slaving became a way of life in Dahomey, Asante kings also used firearms and wealth acquired through the Atlantic trade to create a bureaucratic empire of 5 million slaving was still a choice not a necessity for Africans viii. The Atlantic slave trade prompted harsher forms of slavery in Africa, and because 2/3 of the slaves sold to the Americas were men, the higher ratio of women to men in Africa allowed men to take several wives, changing the nature of marriage. i. By 1720 Africans made up 20% of the Chesapeake population ii. Slavery had become a defining principle of the social order, not just one of several forms of labor iii. Slavery was increasingly defined in racial terms. a Virginia law of 1692 prohibited sex between English and Africans and in 1705 another law defined virtually all resident Africans as slaves iv. by mid-century, slaves made up 40% of some parts of Chesapeake and over 2/3 of them were American born v. the Africans in America gradually developed their own culture i. Old African ways were mixed with new American experiences for example tribal markings fell into disuse, but they began to create wood carvings. Some slaves retained Muslim religious beliefs and many relied on the spiritual powers of conjurers while other slaves adopted Protestant Christianity. ii. Slaves resisted their rigorous work routine but were punished by a lashing or having their limbs cut off iii. The smaller the amount of slaves in an area the less violence they experienced iv. The Stono Rebellion of 1739 took place in South Carolina and was the largest slave rebellion of the eighteenth century. The governor of Florida promised land and freedom to slaves who ran away. Sixty-nine slaves escaped to St. Augustine, and seventy-five Africans revolted and killed a number of white people. i. Colonists began to settle inward and as a result death rates declined and men began to once again name their male kin as heir to their property and fortune ii. Their was a reappearance of strict patriarchy within the family iii. Social Triangle= 1. Planter and Merchant Elite 2. Yeoman Class 3. White Tenant Farmers 4. Enslaved Africans iv. The Chesapeake gentry paid attention to the poor whites out of fear for another rebellion v. Poor yeoman and some tenants were allowed to vote vi. As time passed affluent Chesapeake landholders took on the trappings of wealth, modeling themselves after the English aristocracy vii. Using the profits of the South Atlantic system, the planter elite formed an increasingly well-educated, refined, and stable ruling class ** E. The Northern Maritime Economy ** i. The South Atlantic system tied the whole British Empire together economically ii. The West Indian trade created the first American merchant fortunes and the first urban industries iii. Rum was a big deal…apparently so was fishing iv. Port cities and coastal towns expanded rapidly, Philadelphia became the largest __ III. The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750 __ i. Before 1689 political power rested in the hands of proprietors, royal governors, and authoritarian elites. ii. The political faction knows as the Whigs challenged this hierarchical outlook in England, winning the fight for a constitutional monarchy. iii. American representative assemblies also wished to limit the powers of the crown and insisted on maintaining their authority over taxes, refusing to fund military projects and other programs advocated by royal governors. iv. The rising power of the colonial assemblies created an elitist rather than a democratic political system. v. Neither elitist assemblies nor wealthy property owners could impose unpopular edicts on the people vi. Most colonies had representative political institutions that were broadly responsive to popular pressure and increasingly immune to British control. i. Salutary Neglect= The strategy of the British who relaxed their supervision of internal colonial affairs, instead focusing on defense and trade. ii. Salutary neglect was a by-product of the political system developed by Sir Robert Walpole, leader of the British Whigs. iii. Court (or Crown Party)= Radical-minded Whigs argued that Walpole had betrayed the constitutional monarchy by using patronage and bribery to create this party. i. The War of Jenkins’ Ear became part of a general European Conflict ii. French armies battled German forces subsided by Britain in Europe only minor Indian raids iii. Treaty of Aix la Chapelle 1748 returned Louisburg to France (city French naval fortress) iv. Mercantilist Navigation Acts colonies expected to produce agricultural goods and other raw materials, series of acts that prohibited Americans from selling colonial made textiles, hats and iron products v. Colonial merchants exploited those provisions securing 95% of commerce b/w the mainland and w. indies vi. Selling flour, fish, and meat products to French W. Indies French were are able to produce low cost sugar and captured control of European sugar market vii. Molasses Act of 1733 prohibited selling of fish and flour to French Islands and placed high tariffs American merchants and public officials protested but were ignored ** vii. ** ** Bills of exchange- **lack of currency lead to use of these, collateral**, ~**no silver and gold, banks issued too many Bills of Exchange causing inflation ix. 1751 Parliament passed the Currency Act prevented Colonies from making Banks x. 1650’s England set out to build centralized colonial empire and over a century achieved goals, as a result of Glorious Revolution the empire devolved into a group of self governing colonies, so in 1740’s British officials vowed to create politically centralized colonial system
 * A. The Restoration Colonies **
 * B. From Mercantilism to Dominion **
 * C. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 **
 * D. Imperial Wars and Native Peoples **
 * A. The South Atlantic System **
 * B. Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina **
 * C. African American Community and Resistance **
 * D. The Southern Gentry **
 * A. The Rise of Colonial Assemblies **
 * B. Salutary Neglect **
 * C. Protecting the Mercantile System of Trade **

Questions To Consider: 1. Was the South Atlantic system a success or a failure between 1650 and 1750? // Success for Europe and America but a failure for Africa // 2. Why did Virginians and other southern planters make the decision to implement slavery in the seventeenth century? Did they have other options? // There was a boom in the tobacco industry which urged people to put more effort into their plantations. They were no other options that were nearly as cheap, socially acceptable, and convenient as slaves were. // 3. What factors influenced the creation and maintenance of an American colonial slave society and culture? // The slaves were all from different regions of Africa and it was in their best interest to break down the social barriers and combine there ways to make one culture. // 4. Did American colonials benefit economically from their participation in the South Atlantic system? // Yes, it made the sugar the most profitable crop in Europe and America. // 5. What were some of the causes of rising friction between the colonials and the British? Were the American colonials or the British more responsible for those frictions? // England //// was more to blame because they tried to seize too much control over the colonies passing various laws that made the colonists unhappy such as the Mercantilist Navigation Acts and the Currency Act. //

CHAPTER 2 OUTLINE: wyki

I. Imperial Conflicts and Rival Colonial Models A. New Spain: Colonization and Conversion States
 * 1) Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to explore the southern and western United
 * 1) They were motivated by their quest for gold
 * 2) By the 1560s their main goal had become to prevent other European nations from establishing settlements.
 * 3) Military setbacks at the hands of Native Americans prompted the Spaniards to adopt a new policy towards the Indian peoples. The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries placed the “pacification” of new lands primarily in the hands of missionaries.
 * 4) The Franciscians destroyed the Indian Culture in their attempts to convert them.
 * 5) They introduced European practices (like having men instead of women grow the crops)
 * 6) Monks generally ignored Spanish laws protecting Native Americans from coerced labor.
 * 7) Spanish landowners collected tribute from the native population in the form of goods and forced labor.
 * 8) Spanish massacre of Indian tribes caused many tribes to turn hostile.
 * 9) Disease and forced tribute destroyed much of the Native American population. Spain largely failed to achieve its goals of religious conversion and cultural assimilation.

B. New France: Furs and Souls
 * 1) The French tried to convert Indians to Catholicism.
 * 2) New France became a vast fur-trading enterprise rather than a settler colony.
 * 3) By introducing European diseases and inadvertently causing Indian wars by introducing a market for deerskins and beaver pelts, French traders had a disastrous impact on Native Americans in the region.
 * 4) The French Jesuits did not use the Indians for forced labor, and won converts by addressing Indian needs.
 * 5) Still, the French fur-trading system brought war and cultural devastation to the Indian peoples of eastern North America.

C. New Netherland: Commerce
 * 1) The Dutch in North America had little interest in religious conversion; they were there solely for commerce.
 * 2) The Dutch East India company found and named the Hudson River
 * 3) The Dutch government chartered the West India Company, giving it a trade monopoly in West Africa and exclusive authority to establish outposts in America.
 * 4) The wilderness fur-trading posts attracted few Dutch settlers, and their small size made them vulnerable to invasion by rival European nations.
 * 5) New Netherland failed as a settler colony but flourished briefly as a fur-trading enterprise.
 * 6) The Dutch tried to take over the Algonquian Indian's land and trading network, which resulted in a bloody two-year war.
 * 7) The West India Company ignored its crippled American settlement and concentrated on the profitable importation of African slaves to its sugar plantations in Brazil.
 * 8) During the Anglo-Dutch war the population of New Amsterdam was taken over by England and renamed the towns of New York and Albany.

D. The First English Model: Tobacco and Settlers
 * 1) First English colonies in North America failed; Roanoke- vanished
 * 2) After the failures, the main goal was to trade rather than settle.
 * 3) For funding, the merchants formed “joint-stock companies” that sold shares to many investors and sought royal support.
 * 4) Named the region the crown gave them to exploit “Virginia” in honor of Queen Elizabeth I.
 * 5) Jamestown did not have good land for living on; crops were hard to grow
 * 6) Native American hostility was a major threat to Jamestown.
 * 7) Tobacco quickly became the basis of economic life in Virginia, setting in motion the creation of a settler society.
 * 8) “headright” system: gave every incoming head of household a right to fifty acres of land and fifty acres for every servant.

II. The Chesapeake Experience A. Settling the Tobacco Colonies
 * 1) A royal governor, elected assembly, and an established Anglican Church became the model for royal colonies throughout English America.
 * 2) In Maryland, King Charles gave most of the territory bordering Chesapeake Bay to Lord Baltimore to sell, lease, or give away the land as he wished. He could also appoint public officials and found churches.
 * 3) Baltimore wanted Maryland to become a refuge from religious persecution for his fellow English Catholics.
 * 4) “Toleration Act” (1649) granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland.
 * 5) In Maryland, tobacco was the basis of the economy.
 * 6) European demand for tobacco set of a 40 year economic boom in the Chesapeake and attracted many profit-hungry migrants.
 * 7) Most men never married because there were few women settlers.
 * 8) Families were often disrupted by early death (the women especially died young).

B. Masters, Servants, and Slaves
 * 1) Indentured servants signed labor contracts that bound them to work in return for room and board.
 * 2) Servants represented valuable cargo for merchants because their contracts fetched high prices
 * 3) life as an indentured servant was hard; masters weren't nice. Servitude rarely provided an escape from poverty.
 * 4) African workers fared worse, but for generations the number of Africans there remained small.
 * 5) Africans could aspire to near equality with english settlers by becoming a Christian and a planter
 * 6) in the 1660s legislatures in the Chesapeake colonies enacted laws lowering the status of Africans.

C. The Seeds of Social Revolt
 * 1) in the 1660s the growing size of the Chesapeake tobacco crop triggered a collapse of the market.
 * 2) Long-standing social conflicts flared up in political turmoil.
 * 3) Political decisions in England caused the decline in tobacco prices
 * 4) gradually the Chesapeake colonies came to be dominated by an elite of planter-landlords and merchants.
 * 5) Social divisions intensified, reaching a breaking point in Virginia during the corrupt regime of Governor William Berkeley.
 * 6) Social and political unrest increased when the corrupt Burgesses changed the voting system to exclude landless freemen, who constituted half of all adult white men.

D. Bacon's Rebellion political upheaval.
 * 1) An Indian conflict suddenly sparked the flame of social rebellion.
 * 2) Fighting broke out when a band of Virginia militia-men murdered 30 Indians
 * 3) Nathanial Bacon was the leader of the protesters
 * 4) When Berkeley refused to grant Bacon a military commission, the planter lead his frontiersmen against the Indians anyway.
 * 5) by slaughtering some of the peaceful Doeg people Bacon & his men triggered
 * 1) Bacon's rebellion was a pivotal event in the history of Virginia
 * 2) landed planters still dominated the economy and polity but corruption was curbed and yeomen could hold public positions
 * 3) the planter-merchant elite appeased the lower classes by cutting taxes and supporting expansion onto Indian lands
 * 4) Bacon's rebellion also contributed to the increase in african slavery
 * 5) to provide labor for expanding plantations they legalized slavery and imported thousands of africans

III. Puritan New England A. The Puritan Migration
 * 1) the pilgrims were puritans who left the Church of England (separatists)
 * 2) the pilgrims organized themselves into a joint-stock corporation with backing from puritan merchants
 * 3) mayflower compact = first “constitution” adopted in North America
 * 4) many puritans sought refuge in america from religious persecution in england
 * 5) puritans made up the massachusetts bay colony
 * 6) the puritans created representative political institutions that were locally based
 * 7) governors and the assembly and council were elected by the colonies free men
 * 8) only men who were church members could vote

B. Religion and Society, 1630-1670
 * 1) puritans embraced predestination, that god had predestined the fate of all people
 * 2) churches controlled by congregations
 * 3) the puritan magistrates of Massachusetts bay felt they must purge their society of religious dissidents
 * 4) roger williams was one target because he condemned the legal establishment of Congregationalism in massachusetts bay
 * 5) williams and his followers resettled in rhode island, forming the town of Providence
 * 6) puritan magistrates also disliked anne hutchinson and put her on trial for heresy
 * 7) in 1636 thomas hooker led a hundred settlers to the connecticut river valley where they established the town of Hartford.
 * 8) England fell to war and puritans joined the revolt
 * 9) they demanded greater authority for parliament and a reform of the established church; puritans returned from america to join in
 * 10) puritans in england had a short-lived triumph

C. The puritan imagination and witchcraft
 * 1) ministers attacked puritans who followed pagan rituals
 * 2) christians looked upon folk doctors or conjurers as wizards and witches
 * 3) began witch-hunting
 * 4) salem witch trials marked a turning point for new england
 * 5) popular revulsion against the executions weakened the ties between state and church

D. A yeoman society, 1630-1700
 * 1) the title of township was bestowed on a group of settlers, or proprietors, who distributed the land among themselves
 * 2) legal titles passed in “fee simple” (the proprietors' families held the land outright free from dues and could sell, lease, or rent as they pleased).
 * 3) Ordinary farmers in New England had much more power than peasants in Europe
 * 4) gradually the farming communities of new england became more socially divided
 * 5) nearly all new englanders had an opportunity to acquire property

IV. The Indian's New World A. Puritans and Pequots
 * 1) puritans justified their intrusion on Indian lands by moral grounds
 * 2) the puritans often treated Native Americans brutally
 * 3) When Pequot warriors attacked English farmers who had intruded onto their lands in 1636, Puritan military men and their Indian allies led a surprise attack on the Pequot villiage and massacred about 500 men, women, and children
 * 4) puritans viewed the indians as “savages”
 * 5) the puritans created “praying towns” to convert the indians to christianity
 * 6) diseases, military force, and christianization pacified most of the Algonquians there

B. Metacom's Rebellion
 * 1) Metacom was a leader of the Wampanoag Indian
 * 2) when his people tried to copy English ways by raising hogs and selling pork, puritan officials placed restrictions on their trade
 * 3) metacom concluded that only military resistance could save Indian lands and culture
 * 4) Indians in short of guns and powder, the Mohegans, and Mohawks allied with the massachusetts bay government and ambushed and killed Metacom
 * 5) the rebellion had many casualties
 * 6) many survivors were sold into slavery, others migrated farther into New England backcountry

C. The Fur Trade and the Inland Peoples
 * 1) the rise of the Iroquois was rapid
 * 2) war triumphs over other Indian tribes gave the Iroquois control of the fur trade with the french in quebec and the dutch in new york
 * 3) the iroquois repudiated the treaty with the french
 * 4) to obtain furs to trade for guns and goods with the english and dutch merchants in new york they embarked on a series of western wars
 * 5) the costs were high and the iroquis again made peace with the french
 * 6) most tribes in the eastern woodlands had become smaller
 * 7) many indian peoples lost their cultural and economic indepedance
 * 8) the fur industry hurt the environment. War hurt tribes, and the status of women was lowered

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

1. __what factors account for the differences in the colonizing experiences of the spanish, dutch, french, and english in north america during the 16____th__ __and 17____th__ __centuries?__ Spanish wanted gold, dutch were there for commerce, french were there to trade. 2. __why did the virginia colony fail to thrive before 1624?__ war with Indians, unstable government, disease. 3. __what were some of the causes of Bacon's rebellion? What effect did it have on society and politics in Virginia?__ A group of people who disagreed with Berkeley's refusal to go to war with the Indians took matters into their own hands and slaughtered a peaceful tribe. Bacon seized control of the colony and demanded death or removal of all indians and an end to the rule of wealthy “parasites.: It increased slave trade (slavery was legalized). 4. __what factors account most for the success of the Puritans in establishing an ordered society in New England?__ They had a “constitution” and they had a strong work ethic. A legal code embodied social ethics, they had a representative self-government, broad political rights, and a prohibition of government interference in spiritual matters. 5. __given their very distinct english subcultures, did Virginians and Puritans tend to treat the native americans differently? Or was their common cultural heritage enough to assure similar treatment?__ Both treated them horribly, although in Virginia the government was anti-war but Bacon's rebellion took care of that.

Chapter ONE

Chapter Instructional Objectives 1. How did Native American peoples structure their societies? Why did each society develop different economic, social, and political systems? 2. What were the main characteristics of traditional European society? 3. How did the European Renaissance and Reformation affect the organization of American society? 4. Why did European nations pursue overseas exploration and colonization? 5. Why do historians describe the contact between Europeans and Native Americans as the “Columbian Exchange”? 6. How did the Spanish invasion of the New World affect the lives of peoples in the Americas, Europe, and Africa?

Chapter Annotated Outline I. Native American Worlds A. The First Americans 1. 25000BCE-11000 BCE: Hunters came from Siberia by land 2. 6000 BCE: a second movement of people came to N. America by water 3. The first Americans began to develop horticulture by planting beans, squash, cotton, maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and manioc 4. before Europeans 40 million Native Americans lived in Mesoamerica 5. 15 million resided in the north

B. The Mayas and the Aztecs 1. Mesoamerica began with the Mayan people of the yucatan Peninsula during the olmec era (900b.c-a.d 300) by a.d 300 city of Tikal had at least 20,000 inhabitants 2. Mays had hieroglyphics, tamples, palaces, and a complex society 3. by a.d 900 many religious centers had been abandoned but some Mayan city-states lasted until the Spanish invasion in 1520’s 4. settled on an island in lake Texcoco there, in A.d 1325 they began to build Tenochtitlan 5. Were an aggressive tribe and soon subjugated most of central Mexico C. The Indians of the North 1. A.d 1500 Indian lived in dispersed communities of a thousand people north of the Rio Grande 2. most spoke different languages and were organized in self governing tribes composed of clans 3. A.d 100 hopewell people living in Ohio had spread influence through trade, were the mound builders and buried dead 4. for unknown reason the Hopewells collapsed around A.d 400 5. The anazazi culture developed around a.d 900, they were master architects building in cliffs 6. Their pueblo villages hused 1,000 people and trade roads stretched 400 miles radiated making it a large trade center-ALL THREE of these civilizations collapsed after a.d 1150 from drought and soil exhaustion 7. Mississippi civilization began around 800 A.d fortified temples emerged 8. by 1350 the civilization was in rapid decline caused by overpopulation, warfare, and disease 9. Eastern Woodland Peoples, women farmed, matrilineal societies 10. No great empires or religious centers II. Traditional European Society in 1450 A. The Peasantry 1. Paris, London, and Naples were the only large cities (100,000 residents) 2. More than 90% of population were peasants 3. Peasants owned or leased a small dwelling in the village center and farmed strips of land in surrounding fields 4. Families exchanged and bartered products and services with neighbors 5. Most peasants wanted to live in a yeoman family 6. yeoman-household under no obligation to a landlord, a land owner B. Hierarchy and Authority 1. Mainly kings/princes made up the royal authority 2. Noblemen were higher up 3. had power to challenge the royal authority 4. Men in peasant families ruled over wife/children because of Christian church 5.Fathers chose children’s future C. The Power of Religion 1. Religion had power over government 2. religion had power over family structure 3. Christianity was main religion 4. other religions started being introduced 5. Christianity was still most wide spread III. Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450–1550 A. The Renaissance 1. Biggest impact of renaissance of economics, art, and politics on upper classes 2. civic humanism-an ideology that celebrated public virtue of services to the state 3. Michelangelo, Andrea palladio, Brianellesch: made architectural masterpieces 4. mercantilism emerged-alliance of monarchy’s, merchants and royal bureaucrats 5. Maritime expansion-Prince Henry led portugal’s surge of maritime expansion 6. relied on arab and Italian geographers for the latest knowledge 7. Henry discovered Maderias, Canaries, and Azores B. West African Society and Slavery 1. farmed small plots and lived with extended families 2. very diverse languages, cultural and political groups 3. European traders influenced the culture by introducing new plants and animals 4. traders quickly got African diseases 5. Enslaved for many reasons, debts, sold for money, war captives 6. Still retained most of rights like marriage, freedom for their children, and were treated as kin 7. The portugese started the major slave trading and purchased them from princes and warlords 8. Portugese began to brig slaves to plantations C. Europe Reaches the Americas 1. Bartholemeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, then Vasco de Gama reached India-arab’s indian’s and Jewish merchants tried to stop him from trading but were unsuccessful 2. Spanish set up trading posts 3. Ferdinand and Isabella combined their areas in forces against the Muslims, known as the reconquiesta 4. Columbus set sail, august 1492 with 3 ships, 3,000 miles and 6 weeks later…Land Ho! 5. He thought it was Asia “the indies” claimed them to Spain, went to carribian and demanded gold from Taino, arawak, and Carib peoples 6. He went back to spain bringing some Tainos with him 7. Ferd. And Issabella were impressed and supported 3 more voyages over the next 12 years, trade routes, colonization, and Indians in bondage took place 8. Explorers followed, german geographer named continents after Amerigo Vespucci 9. Spain was determined to make the Indies a Spanish world D. The Spanish Conquest 1. Columbus and other Spanish explorers ruled Caribbean islands Harshly, exploited goods, labor, 2. Juan Ponce do leon searched for gold and slaves along coast of Florida and gave the peninsula its name 3. 1519 Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with 600 men, this was the year Axtec mythology predicted return of god Quetzalcoatl 4. Cortes captured Aztec’s through Spanish technology and troops 5. disease ravaged Tenochtitlan cortes ruled over Aztecs then conquered Mayans 6 . Spanish Invasion/European diseases changed life forever in Americas, populations plummeted 7. Columbian Exchange traded food products of western hemisphere, livestock and crops, weeds and diseases of Africans and Eurasion lands became part of American lives 8. Gold/silver came from Axtecs into Spain and made it the most powerful nation in Europe 9. by 1550 civilizations of mexico/ peru were in ruins, those that survived lost parts of culture IV. The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England 1. North America was dominantely protestant 2. Europe the catholic church became a large and wealthy institution that controlled vast resources 3. In 1517 german monk named Martin luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of the castle church, it condemned the sale of indulgences 4. Luther became the founder of Lutheranism 5. Most sounthern german rulers installed Catholicism as the official religion 6. North tended to chose Lutheranism 7. The most protestant doctorine was established in geneva, Switzerland under the leadership of French theologian John Calvin 8. John Calvin wrote institutes of the Christian religion 9. depicted God as an awesome and absolute sovereign God 10. God governed the “will of men so as to move precisely to that end directed by him” 11. Predestination-idea that god had chosen certain people for salvation even before they were born A. The Protestant Movement 1. In Europe Protestantism emerged 2. Calvanism came about through John Calvin 3. Lutheran’s came about through Martin Luther 4. King Henry VII opposed Protestantism 5. he wanted an annulment of his marriage 6. annolments weren’t allowed under the catholic church 7. he claimed himself the head of the National Church of England 8. Queen Elizabeth his daughter retained the practice of Holy Communion and the Hierarchy of bishops 9. by 1600 at least 500 ministers in the church of England wanted to eliminate bishops 10. they wanted to instill Presbyterian form of church government 11. Puritans wanted to “purify” the church of false catholic teachings and practices B. The Dutch and the English Challenge Spain 1. Spain became the wealthiest nation ruled by King Philip II 2. To protect their Calvinist faith regions of Spain revolted and formed the dutch Republic (Holland) 3. because of this, Spain began to decline 4. Holland became the economic miracle of the 17th century 5. England also emerged economically 6. England emerged due to a population rise in 1630’s along with the expansion of a merchant community 7. Outwork-Putting out system merchants brought wool gave it to peasants who spun it into cloth and sold it C. The Social Causes of English Colonization 1. Price Revolution-the expenditure of American gold and silver by Philip II which sparked a major inflation between 1530 and 1600, the wealth and status of the aristocracy declined 2. Gentry-non noble landholders with substantial estates 3. Yeoman –between gentleman and peasants “middle people 4. Peasants and Landless farm laborers made up ¾ of population 5. Enclosure acts-allowed owners to fence in open fields and put sheep to graze on them, these changes along with a series of crop failures caused yeomen to migrate to america

The Europeans were able to prevail over Native American in the sixteenth and seventeenth century because of their advanced technology over the Natives, their crippling diseases, and they caught the Natives off guard. To understand the events between the Europeans colonization conquest of America In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is to simply look at the facts. The Europeans created great economic and powerful gains by conquering the new world, this was not a benefit to the Natives though. The natives almost completely died off and received harsh treatment and were exploited. To determine if the benefits outweighed the harms however can not be done without being subjective.
 * Questions To Consider **
 * 1. What factor best explains the ability of Europeans to prevail over Native Americans in their encounters in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? **
 * 2. The process of the European colonization and conquest of America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was both tragic and exciting. Is there any way to understand these events objectively? **

We as a nation always look out for ourselves first. Many times as a country we storm through things without thinking of the harms we could be creating for the opposite party…we look out for number one, ourselves. We saw the same thing with the Native Americans and Europeans. We see the society of selfishness develop where economic growth and power are all that are looked to achieve.
 * 3. What are some of the aspects of life today in the United States that one can trace from the course of the interaction between Native Americans and Europeans? In that interaction, how can we see the **
 * development of a new kind of society and culture? **